{
 "generated_at": "2026-10-14T15:17:16.375064+00:00",
 "as_of": "2026-08",
 "name": "AI compute hubs: East Data, West Computing (东数西算)",
 "source": "NDRC, CAC, MIIT and NEA hub approvals (2021-12 and 2022-02); MIIT and National Data Administration statements, including the MIIT transcript of the 2026-07-20 State Council Information Office briefing and the NEA transcript of 2025-03-18; NDRC/NEA/MIIT/NDA policy documents (2023-2026); cluster figures as reported by Xinhua, People's Daily and China Energy News.",
 "note": "Hub roles follow the approvals: four resource hubs in renewable-rich regions (Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Ningxia, Guizhou) and four demand hubs where compute users are concentrated (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Chengdu-Chongqing). The resource hubs got a stricter starter-zone PUE target (1.2) than the demand hubs (1.25). Cluster coordinates are approximate city centroids.",
 "curtailment_source": "National Renewable Energy Consumption Monitoring and Early Warning Center / Power Industry Planning Research and Monitoring Early Warning Center (2026-02-06 annual; 2026-01-12 Jan-Nov), NEA press conferences 2026-07-30 (H1 2026 national rates) and 2025-07-31 (H1 2025), NEA / Science and Technology Daily 2025-07-04 \"Has western green-power utilization reached a turning point?\", NEA \"2025 renewable energy grid-connection and operation\" (nea.gov.cn 2026-02-12), NRDC 2025 study on inter-regional power balancing",
 "curtailment_as_of": "2026-02",
 "tier_year": 2025,
 "tier_labels": {
  "high": "more than 10% of solar output curtailed",
  "below95": "solar utilization below 95%",
  "full": "full solar utilization",
  "unlisted": "not singled out in the 2025 lists"
 },
 "province_tiers": {
  "Chongqing": "full",
  "Fujian": "full",
  "Gansu": "high",
  "Hebei": "below95",
  "Inner Mongolia": "below95",
  "Ningxia": "below95",
  "Qinghai": "high",
  "Shaanxi": "below95",
  "Shanghai": "full",
  "Tibet": "high",
  "Xinjiang": "high",
  "Yunnan": "below95",
  "Zhejiang": "full"
 },
 "summary": {
  "hubs": 8,
  "clusters": 10,
  "resource_hubs": 4,
  "demand_hubs": 4,
  "resource_hubs_under_pressure": 3,
  "hubs_under_pressure": 4,
  "pressured_hub_names": [
   "Inner Mongolia",
   "Gansu",
   "Ningxia",
   "Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei"
  ],
  "resource_pressured_hub_names": [
   "Inner Mongolia",
   "Gansu",
   "Ningxia"
  ]
 },
 "national": {
  "intelligent_compute": {
   "metric": "Intelligent compute capacity (FP16)",
   "value": 2185,
   "unit": "EFLOPS",
   "period": "end-June 2026",
   "publisher": "MIIT (State Council Information Office briefing, 2026-07-20), via Xinhua",
   "url": "https://www.news.cn/tech/20260720/63025e398f234092b9876272271417fb/c.html",
   "confidence": "secondary",
   "note": "up 177% year on year",
   "yoy_pct": 177
  },
  "intelligent_compute_prior": {
   "metric": "Intelligent compute capacity",
   "value": 1590,
   "unit": "EFLOPS (more than)",
   "period": "end-2025",
   "publisher": "MIIT (State Council Information Office briefing, 2026-01-21), via Xinhua",
   "url": "https://www.news.cn/fortune/20260123/d66bdc56d7084fdd93e2b8dcfc9e1f5a/c.html",
   "confidence": "secondary",
   "note": "Xinhua's report of the briefing says 'more than 1,590 EFLOPS' and states no precision basis. A reprint of the National Data Administration's Digital China Development Report (2025) gives the same 1.59 million PFLOPS as FP16; we have not read that report at source."
  },
  "intelligent_compute_by_region": {
   "metric": "Share of national intelligent compute by region",
   "unit": "%",
   "period": "end-June 2026",
   "publisher": "MIIT spokesperson Xie Cun, State Council Information Office briefing, 2026-07-20 (transcript on miit.gov.cn)",
   "url": "https://www.miit.gov.cn/xwfb/bldhd/art/2026/art_bc4cf76777cb4fd2896082ca2ff7039d.html",
   "confidence": "verified",
   "shares": [
    {
     "region": "east",
     "label": "East",
     "value": 55.9
    },
    {
     "region": "central",
     "label": "Central",
     "value": 10.6
    },
    {
     "region": "west",
     "label": "West",
     "value": 32.6
    },
    {
     "region": "northeast",
     "label": "Northeast",
     "value": 0.9
    }
   ],
   "note": "MIIT did not say which provinces each region covers, so these regions need not match the resource-hub and demand-hub grouping on this page."
  },
  "hub_share": {
   "metric": "Share of national intelligent compute built in the eight hubs",
   "value": 80,
   "unit": "% (more than)",
   "period": "2026-07",
   "publisher": "National Data Administration deputy director Yu Ying, via National Business Daily, 2026-07-28",
   "url": "https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2026-07-28/4521834.html",
   "confidence": "secondary",
   "basis": {
    "value": 2400,
    "unit": "EFLOPS",
    "text": "National Data Administration national total of 2.4 million PFLOPS (about 2,400 EFLOPS, July 2026, precision not stated), not MIIT's 2,185 EFLOPS (FP16)",
    "url": "https://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2026-07-28/4521834.html"
   }
  },
  "electricity": {
   "metric": "Electricity used by computing infrastructure",
   "value": 196,
   "unit": "TWh",
   "period": "2025",
   "publisher": "National Data Administration statistics, via China Energy News (People's Daily group), 2026-07-20",
   "url": "https://paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/pc/content/202607/20/content_30170400.html",
   "confidence": "secondary",
   "note": "1.9% of national electricity use, up 18.1% year on year"
  },
  "electricity_share_pct": 1.9,
  "electricity_yoy_pct": 18.1,
  "electricity_2030": {
   "metric": "Forecast electricity demand from computing",
   "value": 800,
   "unit": "TWh",
   "period": "2030 forecast",
   "publisher": "China Electricity Council planning department, via China Energy News, 2026-07-20",
   "url": "https://paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/pc/content/202607/20/content_30170400.html",
   "confidence": "secondary",
   "note": "industry-body forecast, not an official statistic"
  },
  "racks": {
   "metric": "Standard racks in use, nationwide",
   "value": 13730000,
   "unit": "racks (more than)",
   "period": "end-2025",
   "publisher": "China Development and Reform News, hosted on ndrc.gov.cn, 2026-07-27",
   "url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/wsdwhfz/202607/t20260727_1406700.html",
   "confidence": "secondary"
  }
 },
 "hub_aggregate_2024": {
  "metric": "Eight hubs: direct investment, investment drawn in, racks, utilization",
  "value": null,
  "unit": "mixed",
  "period": "end-June 2024",
  "publisher": "National Data Administration head Liu Liehong, via Xinhua on gov.cn, 2024-08-29",
  "url": "https://www.gov.cn/lianbo/bumen/202408/content_6971147.htm",
  "confidence": "verified",
  "note": "more than ¥43.5 billion direct investment, more than ¥200 billion drawn in, more than 1.95 million racks, about 63% utilization"
 },
 "policy": [
  {
   "id": "green80",
   "text": "New data centres in the national hub nodes should get more than 80% of their power from green electricity by the end of 2025.",
   "doc": "Implementation opinions on the East Data, West Computing project (NDRC, NDA, CAC, MIIT, NEA, 2023-12-25); repeated in the data-centre green, low-carbon action plan (NDRC, MIIT, NEA, NDA, 2024-07-23)",
   "url": "https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202407/content_6964165.htm",
   "status": "Outturn not published. In March 2025 the National Data Administration said it would strive to reach the 80% target in 2025.",
   "status_source": {
    "publisher": "National Data Administration General Office deputy director Gao Bo, NEA green-certificate press conference (transcript on nea.gov.cn)",
    "url": "https://www.nea.gov.cn/20250318/764a752a063f48e590068bdd521d0cee/c.html",
    "date": "2025-03-18"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "pue",
   "text": "Hub data-centre projects must run at a power usage effectiveness (PUE) of 1.2 or better by the end of 2025; new large data centres elsewhere at 1.25 or better.",
   "doc": "Data-centre green, low-carbon action plan (NDRC, MIIT, NEA, NDA, 2024-07-23)",
   "url": "https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202407/P020240724272072479001.pdf",
   "status": "In March 2025 the eight hubs' data-centre clusters averaged a PUE of about 1.3; the most advanced data centres were down to 1.04.",
   "status_source": {
    "publisher": "National Data Administration General Office deputy director Gao Bo, NEA green-certificate press conference (transcript on nea.gov.cn)",
    "url": "https://www.nea.gov.cn/20250318/764a752a063f48e590068bdd521d0cee/c.html",
    "date": "2025-03-18"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "west",
   "text": "Move eastern AI training and inference, rendering, offline analysis and backup workloads to the west.",
   "doc": "Implementation opinions on the East Data, West Computing project (2023-12-25)",
   "url": "https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202401/content_6924596.htm",
   "status": null,
   "status_source": null
  },
  {
   "id": "colocate",
   "text": "Plan large new-energy bases and national compute hubs together, so compute gathers in renewable-rich regions and new energy is absorbed locally.",
   "doc": "Action plan on AI and energy empowering each other (NDRC, NEA, MIIT, NDA; dated 2026-04-08)",
   "url": "https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202605/content_7068153.htm",
   "status": null,
   "status_source": null
  }
 ],
 "siting_quote": {
  "text": "Placing more data centres in the west will sharply raise the share of green energy they use and help absorb western green energy close to where it is generated.",
  "speaker": "NDRC High-Technology Department head, interview posted on ndrc.gov.cn, 2022-03-21",
  "url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fzggw/jgsj/gjss/sjdt/202203/t20220321_1319862.html"
 },
 "hubs": [
  {
   "id": "inner_mongolia",
   "name": "Inner Mongolia",
   "label": "Inner Mongolia",
   "region": "resource",
   "provinces": [
    "Inner Mongolia"
   ],
   "curtailment_provinces": [
    "Inner Mongolia"
   ],
   "approval": {
    "doc": "Fa Gai Gao Ji [2021] No. 1843",
    "dated": "2021-12-20",
    "url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/202112/t20211229_1310524.html",
    "issuers": "NDRC, Cyberspace Administration, MIIT, NEA"
   },
   "starter_zone_targets": {
    "rack_utilization_min_pct": 65,
    "pue_max": 1.2
   },
   "clusters": [
    {
     "name": "Horinger cluster",
     "city": "Horinger (Hohhot), with Jining (Ulanqab)",
     "province": "Inner Mongolia",
     "lat": 40.38,
     "lng": 111.82
    }
   ],
   "indicators": [
    {
     "metric": "Standard racks in service, Horinger New Area",
     "value": 532000,
     "unit": "racks",
     "period": "2026-06",
     "publisher": "Xinhua (Hohhot), 2026-06-15",
     "url": "https://www.news.cn/local/20260615/1f6e898b9f064e9ab797b1a5b8138e78/c.html",
     "confidence": "secondary",
     "note": "57 data-centre projects"
    },
    {
     "metric": "Compute in use, Horinger New Area",
     "value": 126700,
     "unit": "PFLOPS (more than)",
     "period": "2026-06",
     "publisher": "Xinhua (Hohhot), 2026-06-15",
     "url": "https://www.news.cn/local/20260615/1f6e898b9f064e9ab797b1a5b8138e78/c.html",
     "confidence": "secondary",
     "note": "more than 96.4% intelligent compute; precision basis not stated"
    }
   ],
   "curtailment": [
    {
     "province": "Inner Mongolia",
     "tier": "below95",
     "tier_label": "solar utilization below 95%"
    }
   ],
   "pressure": "below95",
   "pressure_label": "solar utilization below 95%"
  },
  {
   "id": "gansu",
   "name": "Gansu",
   "label": "Gansu",
   "region": "resource",
   "provinces": [
    "Gansu"
   ],
   "curtailment_provinces": [
    "Gansu"
   ],
   "approval": {
    "doc": "Fa Gai Gao Ji [2021] No. 1844",
    "dated": "2021-12-20",
    "url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/202112/t20211229_1310522.html",
    "issuers": "NDRC, Cyberspace Administration, MIIT, NEA"
   },
   "starter_zone_targets": {
    "rack_utilization_min_pct": 65,
    "pue_max": 1.2
   },
   "clusters": [
    {
     "name": "Qingyang cluster",
     "city": "Qingyang (Xifeng district)",
     "province": "Gansu",
     "lat": 35.73,
     "lng": 107.64
    }
   ],
   "indicators": [
    {
     "metric": "Standard racks in service, Qingyang park",
     "value": 102000,
     "unit": "racks (more than)",
     "period": "2026-07",
     "publisher": "China Energy News (People's Daily group), 2026-07-06",
     "url": "https://paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/pc/content/202607/06/content_30167496.html",
     "confidence": "secondary"
    },
    {
     "metric": "Compute, Qingyang park",
     "value": 150000,
     "unit": "PFLOPS (more than)",
     "period": "2026-07",
     "publisher": "China Energy News (People's Daily group), 2026-07-06",
     "url": "https://paper.people.com.cn/zgnyb/pc/content/202607/06/content_30167496.html",
     "confidence": "secondary",
     "note": "precision basis not stated"
    },
    {
     "metric": "Green-power aggregation pilot, phase 1 (750 MW wind + 250 MW solar)",
     "value": 1000,
     "unit": "MW",
     "period": "first units connected 2026-01-30",
     "publisher": "Xinhua (Lanzhou), 2026-01-30",
     "url": "https://www.news.cn/20260130/c30d20909b2c4ef0ac9bf0da16d58fa3/c.html",
     "confidence": "secondary"
    }
   ],
   "curtailment": [
    {
     "province": "Gansu",
     "tier": "high",
     "tier_label": "more than 10% of solar output curtailed"
    }
   ],
   "pressure": "high",
   "pressure_label": "more than 10% of solar output curtailed"
  },
  {
   "id": "ningxia",
   "name": "Ningxia",
   "label": "Ningxia",
   "region": "resource",
   "provinces": [
    "Ningxia"
   ],
   "curtailment_provinces": [
    "Ningxia"
   ],
   "approval": {
    "doc": "Fa Gai Gao Ji [2021] No. 1841",
    "dated": "2021-12-20",
    "url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/202112/t20211229_1310526.html",
    "issuers": "NDRC, Cyberspace Administration, MIIT, NEA"
   },
   "starter_zone_targets": {
    "rack_utilization_min_pct": 65,
    "pue_max": 1.2
   },
   "clusters": [
    {
     "name": "Zhongwei cluster",
     "city": "Zhongwei",
     "province": "Ningxia",
     "lat": 37.51,
     "lng": 105.19
    }
   ],
   "indicators": [
    {
     "metric": "Standard racks, Zhongwei",
     "value": 331000,
     "unit": "racks",
     "period": "2026-07",
     "publisher": "People's Daily, 2026-07-28",
     "url": "https://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2026/0728/c64387-40769368.html",
     "confidence": "secondary"
    },
    {
     "metric": "Dedicated solar supplying the Zhongwei cloud base, in service",
     "value": 500,
     "unit": "MW",
     "period": "2026-03",
     "publisher": "Xinhua, 2026-03-18",
     "url": "https://www.news.cn/digital/20260318/d79e80c32a7c42f388679616e1fa24d2/c.html",
     "confidence": "secondary"
    }
   ],
   "curtailment": [
    {
     "province": "Ningxia",
     "tier": "below95",
     "tier_label": "solar utilization below 95%"
    }
   ],
   "pressure": "below95",
   "pressure_label": "solar utilization below 95%"
  },
  {
   "id": "guizhou",
   "name": "Guizhou",
   "label": "Guizhou",
   "region": "resource",
   "provinces": [
    "Guizhou"
   ],
   "curtailment_provinces": [
    "Guizhou"
   ],
   "approval": {
    "doc": "Fa Gai Gao Ji [2021] No. 1842",
    "dated": "2021-12-20",
    "url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/202112/t20211229_1310520.html",
    "issuers": "NDRC, Cyberspace Administration, MIIT, NEA"
   },
   "starter_zone_targets": {
    "rack_utilization_min_pct": 65,
    "pue_max": 1.2
   },
   "clusters": [
    {
     "name": "Gui'an cluster",
     "city": "Gui'an New Area (Guiyang/Anshun)",
     "province": "Guizhou",
     "lat": 26.4,
     "lng": 106.35
    }
   ],
   "indicators": [
    {
     "metric": "Compute, Guizhou province (not the cluster alone)",
     "value": 176,
     "unit": "EFLOPS",
     "period": "2026-08",
     "publisher": "Science and Technology Daily, 2026-08-26",
     "url": "https://www.stdaily.com/web/gdxw/2026-08/26/content_570242.html",
     "confidence": "secondary",
     "note": "more than 90% intelligent compute"
    }
   ],
   "curtailment": [
    {
     "province": "Guizhou",
     "tier": "unlisted",
     "tier_label": "not singled out in the 2025 lists"
    }
   ],
   "pressure": "unlisted",
   "pressure_label": "not singled out in the 2025 lists"
  },
  {
   "id": "bth",
   "name": "Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei",
   "label": "Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei",
   "region": "demand",
   "provinces": [
    "Beijing",
    "Tianjin",
    "Hebei"
   ],
   "curtailment_provinces": [
    "Hebei"
   ],
   "approval": {
    "doc": "Fa Gai Gao Ji [2022] No. 212",
    "dated": "2022-02-07",
    "url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/202202/t20220216_1315621.html",
    "issuers": "NDRC, Cyberspace Administration, MIIT, NEA"
   },
   "starter_zone_targets": {
    "rack_utilization_min_pct": 65,
    "pue_max": 1.25
   },
   "clusters": [
    {
     "name": "Zhangjiakou cluster",
     "city": "Zhangjiakou (Huailai, Zhangbei, Xuanhua)",
     "province": "Hebei",
     "lat": 40.77,
     "lng": 114.89
    }
   ],
   "indicators": [],
   "curtailment": [
    {
     "province": "Hebei",
     "tier": "below95",
     "tier_label": "solar utilization below 95%"
    }
   ],
   "pressure": "below95",
   "pressure_label": "solar utilization below 95%"
  },
  {
   "id": "yrd",
   "name": "Yangtze River Delta",
   "label": "Yangtze River Delta",
   "region": "demand",
   "provinces": [
    "Shanghai",
    "Jiangsu",
    "Zhejiang",
    "Anhui"
   ],
   "curtailment_provinces": [
    "Shanghai",
    "Jiangsu",
    "Zhejiang",
    "Anhui"
   ],
   "approval": {
    "doc": "Fa Gai Gao Ji [2022] No. 211",
    "dated": "2022-02-07",
    "url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/202202/t20220216_1315623.html",
    "issuers": "NDRC, Cyberspace Administration, MIIT, NEA"
   },
   "starter_zone_targets": {
    "rack_utilization_min_pct": 65,
    "pue_max": 1.25
   },
   "clusters": [
    {
     "name": "Eco-Green Demonstration Zone cluster",
     "city": "Qingpu / Wujiang / Jiashan",
     "province": "Shanghai",
     "lat": 31.05,
     "lng": 120.95
    },
    {
     "name": "Wuhu cluster",
     "city": "Wuhu",
     "province": "Anhui",
     "lat": 31.35,
     "lng": 118.43
    }
   ],
   "indicators": [],
   "curtailment": [
    {
     "province": "Shanghai",
     "tier": "full",
     "tier_label": "full solar utilization"
    },
    {
     "province": "Jiangsu",
     "tier": "unlisted",
     "tier_label": "not singled out in the 2025 lists"
    },
    {
     "province": "Zhejiang",
     "tier": "full",
     "tier_label": "full solar utilization"
    },
    {
     "province": "Anhui",
     "tier": "unlisted",
     "tier_label": "not singled out in the 2025 lists"
    }
   ],
   "pressure": "unlisted",
   "pressure_label": "not singled out in the 2025 lists"
  },
  {
   "id": "chengyu",
   "name": "Chengdu-Chongqing",
   "label": "Chengdu-Chongqing",
   "region": "demand",
   "provinces": [
    "Sichuan",
    "Chongqing"
   ],
   "curtailment_provinces": [
    "Sichuan",
    "Chongqing"
   ],
   "approval": {
    "doc": "Fa Gai Gao Ji [2022] No. 88",
    "dated": "2022-02-07",
    "url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/202202/t20220216_1315625.html",
    "issuers": "NDRC, Cyberspace Administration, MIIT, NEA"
   },
   "starter_zone_targets": {
    "rack_utilization_min_pct": 65,
    "pue_max": 1.25
   },
   "clusters": [
    {
     "name": "Tianfu cluster",
     "city": "Chengdu",
     "province": "Sichuan",
     "lat": 30.57,
     "lng": 104.07
    },
    {
     "name": "Chongqing cluster",
     "city": "Chongqing",
     "province": "Chongqing",
     "lat": 29.56,
     "lng": 106.55
    }
   ],
   "indicators": [],
   "curtailment": [
    {
     "province": "Sichuan",
     "tier": "unlisted",
     "tier_label": "not singled out in the 2025 lists"
    },
    {
     "province": "Chongqing",
     "tier": "full",
     "tier_label": "full solar utilization"
    }
   ],
   "pressure": "unlisted",
   "pressure_label": "not singled out in the 2025 lists"
  },
  {
   "id": "gba",
   "name": "Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area",
   "label": "Greater Bay Area",
   "region": "demand",
   "provinces": [
    "Guangdong"
   ],
   "curtailment_provinces": [
    "Guangdong"
   ],
   "approval": {
    "doc": "Fa Gai Gao Ji [2022] No. 66",
    "dated": "2022-02-07",
    "url": "https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfb/tz/202202/t20220216_1315627.html",
    "issuers": "NDRC, Cyberspace Administration, MIIT, NEA"
   },
   "starter_zone_targets": {
    "rack_utilization_min_pct": 65,
    "pue_max": 1.25
   },
   "clusters": [
    {
     "name": "Shaoguan cluster",
     "city": "Shaoguan",
     "province": "Guangdong",
     "lat": 24.81,
     "lng": 113.6
    }
   ],
   "indicators": [],
   "curtailment": [
    {
     "province": "Guangdong",
     "tier": "unlisted",
     "tier_label": "not singled out in the 2025 lists"
    }
   ],
   "pressure": "unlisted",
   "pressure_label": "not singled out in the 2025 lists"
  }
 ],
 "gaps": [
  "No official racks, compute or investment figures were found for the eastern clusters (Zhangjiakou, Eco-Green Demonstration Zone, Wuhu, Tianfu, Chongqing, Shaoguan) or for the Gui'an cluster on its own.",
  "No official green-power share is published per cluster, and the end-2025 outturn of the 80% target has not been published.",
  "Official 2025-26 releases report intelligent compute only; MIIT (2,185 EFLOPS, FP16, end-June 2026) and the National Data Administration (about 2,400 EFLOPS, July 2026) use different bases.",
  "No official document cites a curtailment volume as the reason for siting a hub. The official language is absorbing renewable energy locally; the curtailment overlay on this page is our join, not a government claim."
 ],
 "caveats": [
  "Cluster figures come from state media reporting of local officials (Xinhua, People's Daily, China Energy News), not statistical releases. PFLOPS figures do not state their precision basis and are not comparable across clusters.",
  "Curtailment tiers are 2025 full-year solar utilization from the national new-energy monitoring centre; H1 2026 provincial rates were not published."
 ]
}